Make a Vinegar Trap to Get Rid of Fruit Flies

Make a Vinegar Trap to Get Rid of Fruit Flies Everything necessary is one bit of spoiling natural product, and you can wind up with an incensing organic product fly invasion in your kitchen. Regardless of whether you toss out your produce and clean your kitchen, the organic product flies may continue. The most ideal approach to control organic product flies now is to dispose of the reproducing grown-ups. Making a basic vinegar trap is a powerful and economical approach to catch and execute natural product flies that just wont disappear. Organic product Flies Are Easy to Outsmart Luckily, organic product flies arent brilliant. The grown-ups invest all their energy concentrated on two objectives: mating and laying eggs on spoiling natural product. They utilize their feeling of smell to discover maturing produce and will travel to their objective with little respect for their own security. Apple juice vinegar has the perfect fragrance of decaying organic product to stand out for them. That is the reason a vinegar trap is so compelling. The snare is intended to draw the organic product flies in and to keep them from getting away. What Youll Need to Make a Vinegar Trap To make a vinegar snare for organic product flies, youll need only a couple of things (you presumably as of now have the majority of them in your home): a glass or cupa plastic baggie sufficiently enormous to fit over the glassa elastic bandscissorsapple juice vinegar Instructions to Make a Vinegar Trap Pour a modest quantity an inch or so-of apple juice vinegar into the glass. The juice vinegar has a decent, fruity fragrance that organic product flies basically can't resist.Using the scissors, clip the corner off the plastic baggie. This ought to createâ a opening sufficiently enormous for organic product flies to go through, yet not all that huge that it will be simple for them to escape.Place the baggie over the glass, and position the gap youve cut over the center.Push the cut corner down into the glass so the baggie structures a pipe in the glassâ but doesnt contact the vinegar.Use the elastic band to make sure about the baggie to the glass. Then again, in the event that you dont have a baggie or elastic groups, you can make your fly snare utilizing paper and tape: Start a similar way: pour a modest quantity an inch or so-of apple juice vinegar into the glass. The juice vinegar has a decent, fruity smell that natural product flies basically can't resist.Curl the paper into a cone and tape it so it doesnt lose its shape.Place the cone pointed side down in the container (ensure it doesnt contact the vinegar).Tape the cone set up in the glass container. Step by step instructions to Use Your Vinegar Trap Spot your vinegar trap in the region where you see the most natural product flies-likely close to your trash, produce bins,â compost compartment, or any territory with produce, natural waste, or standing water. In the event that you have a substantial natural product fly pervasion, you should make a few vinegar traps, and spot them in your kitchen and in different rooms where organic product flies are available. Organic product flies will fly into the glass, go through the gap in the baggie, and become caught in the glass. Inside a couple of days, you should see a gathering of dead organic product flies drifting in the vinegar. Void the snare varying, and top off it with new apple juice vinegar. A couple of very much positioned vinegar traps, alongside great housekeeping practices to dishearten natural product flies, ought to get your pervasion leveled out rapidly. To make your vinegar trap much increasingly powerful, include a couple of drops of fluid dish cleanser to the vinegar. This brings down the surface pressure of the fluid in the snare, so the natural product flies have a lower possibility of getting away before they suffocate.

A Look Inside a Woman’s World Essay -- Analysis, Kilbourne, Morgan

People are unquestionably prepared and wired to pass judgment on others dependent on race, sexual orientation, and appearance. Sadly, ladies are stuck in all classes of decisions. Jean Kilbourne, an honor winning maker on narratives about pictures of ladies in promotions, clarifies that when media and notices misuse womanliness for individual increase, ladies are in danger for much mischief since it advances typification, which in the long run will prompted viciousness. An African American women's activist, Joan Morgan, communicates her further unsettling influence about the consistent sexism in rap verses that embraces viciousness and outrage towards ladies. â€Å"’Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt’: Advertising and Violence,† by Jean Kilbourne and â€Å"From Fly-Girls to Bitches and Hos,† by Joan Morgan uncovers convincing contentions about the manners in which society regularly depicts females as a sub-par sexual orientation to guys. Our general public toda y still dreadfully unfit to see pass the gentility of a ladies making females perseveres through the experiencing intense sexual orientation jobs to unnecessary desires by the punishment of our general public, families, and media. Females are consistently typifies by media in notice to be utilized as a device for wrong sexual dream, which lead to viciousness towards ladies. Commercials much of the time use sex to show demonstrations of intensity and antagonistic vibe toward females all things considered (594). For the scandalous Super Bowl Sunday ads, organizations like Pepsi Max and Snickers cheapen females in their advertisements to engage customers. For Pepsi Max business, the scene occurred at a pleasant café where a man and a lovely lady is having a sentimental date, while the lady in the business was thinking about whether her date was the one for her, everything he could consider was his craving to lay down with her until ... ...n? Our general public doesn't appear to see their offense towards ladies, which will even now proceeds because of the indiscretion individuals tend get over their shoulder when confronting the impacts of brutal desires for ladies. From sexual orientation jobs and desires, females have endures massively all through all ages. There are various difficulties and detriments females need to manage in regular day to day existence. Horrendous decisions, segregation, and generalization towards ladies exhibit that our general public has made a troublesome world for ladies to live in. It is the ideal opportunity for changes, a brake for all ladies to live unreservedly without stressing and languishing. The open perspectives must recognize the battles female suffered and accept the open door to peer inside a woman’s world so as to keep the tormenting of all ladies from media, commercials, families, and society’s decisions.

Business News Event - Article Summaries Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business News Event - Summaries - Article Example In this article, the procedures that Samsung seeks after to achieve serious edge along with the difficulties and dangers confronting the organization have been counted. The qualities and techniques of the contenders like apple, Nokia and Motorola have likewise been featured. The article will anyway be utilized in distinguishing a portion of the administration ideas and components that Samsung occupied with to cause its items to stay pertinent in the market where customer inclination decides achievement. In this article, the administration of Samsung perceives the need to utilize outsiders to help in the improvement of programming for their handset. The organization focused on the exceptionally gifted experts from India and different countries who were prepared and ready to offer their administrations to improve the nature of the handsets and items that were produced. In addition, this would be a deviation from the organization standards and culture whereby the organization workers we re totally local people. Association culture frames a significant idea in the tasks of organizations and the way wherein organizations lead their exercises (Treat 86). Association culture is significant for marking, recognizable proof, and history. It has frequently been utilized in creating procedures intended to guarantee association effectively advertises its items. From the article, unmistakably overseeing rivalry requires elevated level of adaptability and breaking of associations standards (KIM 25). Rivalry decides how the executives will direct business and set their costs. Quality must be improved in an offer to guarantee that clients incline toward a company’s items more than those of contenders. Overseeing rivalry along these lines requires the responsibility of the supervisors and other significant business partners. On account of Samsung, the organization the board needed to act at the quickest time conceivable to have the organization grasp rivalry in a the free market. Another administration idea that can be gained from the article is change the board. Change can be characterizes as the adjustment of business as usual for example making receiving new ways and techniques for getting things done. In the business situation, organizations need to consistently direct natural output in which they endeavor to anticipate the potential changes in the earth and examine the effect of such ecological factors on the business execution and activities (KIM 26). Organizations that can precisely estimate on the potential changes in nature and define approaches that may help with guaranteeing that the business isn't unfavorably influenced will consistently be in a situation to endure and keep up wanted development. From the article, Samsung as an organization has been in a situation to understand the need to change a portion of the basics that are vital in guaranteeing it improve effectiveness and advance consumer loyalty. The organization was in a situatio n to anticipate the movements in the market tastes and inclinations by the improvement of advanced mobile phones and iPhones. Samsung understood the need to have them change their worker base by utilizing and drawing in representatives who are outsiders (Treat 89). The organization further proceeded to acknowledge totally embrace better approaches for leading business without truly staying fixed on the method of their tasks. What's more, Samsung expanded its interest in innovative work so as to help the advancement of

Confident vs. Confidant

Certain versus Friend Certain versus Friend Certain versus Friend By Maeve Maddox A peruser pronounces, One of the linguistic blunders Im seeing increasingly more is disarray among sure and confidant(e) Could you spread that? On the least complex level, a few English descriptors that end in - ent are habitually incorrectly spelled with a - subterranean insect finishing, for instance: retentive conflicted precursor unavoidable officeholder free harmful Scholars who incorrectly spell certain as compatriot might be articulating sure accurately, yet have simply neglected to figure out how to spell it effectively. Scholars who incorrectly spell certain as compatriot have an inability to listen. Certain is articulated with the weight on the principal syllable: CON-fi-mark. The e of the last syllable is the short stable of e, as in lease. The way to express partner isn't so direct. Charles Elster noticed that the more seasoned articulation with the weight on the principal syllable is as yet recorded in some ebb and flow word references, yet â€Å"is now dead or near it.† Modern elocution puts the weight on the primary syllable, however not every person articulates the last syllable with a similar vowel sound. For instance, in the main articulation given in both OED and Merriam-Webster, the an in dant has the sound of an in father. In the subsequent elocution given in the two word references, the an in dant has the short a sound, as in gasp. All things considered, either articulation, â€Å"con-fi-dahnt† or â€Å"con-fi-dant,† give some insight that associate isn't spelled equivalent to sure. Associate is the female spelling of comrade (same articulation). Some style guides suggest the utilization of just associate, because the ladylike spelling compatriot is â€Å"a unnecessary qualification among guys and females.† I can't help suspecting that on the off chance that we are going to spell the thing uniquely in contrast to the modifier, we should spell it partner to make it as various as feasible for the spelling-tested. Before the descriptive word certain and the thing compatriot, we had the action word trust. Trust entered English in the mid-1400s from the Latin action word confidere: to trust in, depend solidly upon, accept. The importance of the English action word was to trust or have faith.† In the 1700s, trust took on the significance â€Å"to share a mystery with.† The expression â€Å"to trust in (someone)† came into utilization in 1888. The descriptor sure, â€Å"self-dependent, certain about oneself,† dates from the 1570s. In the mid 1600s, certain came to be utilized as a thing meaning: â€Å"trusty companion or follower; one in whom one trusts; a secret friend.† This, obviously, is the cutting edge importance of associate. The articulation with the emphasize on the last syllable [kahn-charge DAHNT], created after the 1700s, most likely in impersonation of the way to express the French words sure and confidente; the spelling friend followed so as to mirror the distinctive elocution. The most punctual model in the OED of the spelling compatriot for the thing is 1751. The most recent case of the spelling sure as a thing is 1867. From that point forward, the standard spelling of the descriptive word has been sure, and the spelling friend has been standard for the thing. English speakers have had 147 years to get the spellings straight. Maybe the most popular utilization of the word friend happens in the signature melody for the TV satire arrangement The Golden Girls: Much obliged to you for being a companion, Going down a street and back once more. Your heart is valid, youre a buddy and a friend. Regardless of whether we drop the spelling associate for â€Å"trusted friend,† compatriot stays as a furniture term. A partner is a household item that associates two seats on a s-plan. One companion sits on one side and the other on the inverse sideâ€the ideal arrangement for murmuring. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Math or Maths?English Grammar 101: Verb MoodHow Do You Fare?

Virginia Business Lawsuit Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Virginia Business Lawsuit - Term Paper Example This would prompt the peril of their lives and would likewise burden them in their shopping. The offended parties grumbled of there parking spots being based on inclines and that the control slopes were based on too much steep evaluations. They likewise grumbled of the shopping center having inappropriate passageway to the structures making access to the structure for the impaired troublesome. The shopping centers likewise needed handrails to help the crippled in their developments into the shopping center. This made it to be expanding hard for the handicapped clients to explore productively in the shopping centers. The bathrooms had can offices that were inadmissible for the incapacitated clients since, they didn't have the necessary details to oblige the handicapped. This elements prompted the debilitated making a move against the shopping center for separation and numbness on the necessities of the incapacitated. The claim included the significant shopping centers situated in the area. They included â€Å"Crossroads shopping center, Valley View Mall, Tanglewood Mall, Towne Square Shopping Center, Lake Drive Plaza and Spartan Square Shopping Center† (Hammock, 2012). The claim was sent for the benefit of the offended parties by the national coalition for openness. The gathering refered to the claim was a direct result of the gross infringement by the shopping centers on the Americans with Disabilities Act. The demonstration was made to secure the privileges of the impaired by guaranteeing they can get to open spots. The demonstration has case that administers the condition that is expected to verify that this affirmation is figured it out. The claim additionally included other open organizations. These foundations contained two inns and a college (Hammock, 2012). The administration of the shopping centers had not put the interests of the incapacitated high on their motivation. They appeared to have disregarded the extraordinary needs of the debilitated fragment of the customers. This disregard prompted the claims that ruined shopping centers, yet additionally languished money related results over the infringement. It is basic for the administration to guarantee that their organizations or associations adhere to the standard of law. This is by guaranteeing that the set prerequisites for the business are met to dodge lawful results. On account of the inability claim, the administrators of the shopping centers referenced in the claim could have kept away from this entire situation in the event that they conformed to the law. The supervisors of the shopping centers and the other referenced establishments ought to have completed a hazard evaluation. This is so as to realize what hazards the clients and workers face, in the shopping center condition. This would have empowered the administration to order the issues that should be corrected and the issues that should be tended to. This hazard appraisal would have empowered the administrat ion to be aware of the scrape of the impaired and right them before they turned into a lawful issue. The hazard evaluations are comprehensive since the perspectives on clients and representatives are gathered. On the off chance that the hazard evaluation would have been completed, the administration would have gotten mindful of the predicament of the impaired clients. This would have made it feasible for them to correct the issue evading claims that would ascend from the issue. This would have spared the organization lawful charges and settlement installments. The hazard appraisal would likewise have been useful in that different issues that the administration didn't know about would be uncovered

Daddy Hands

Daddy Hands I awoke in the night to find my husband, Marty, gently rocking our baby son, Noah.I stood for a moment in the doorway, watching this amazing man with whom I was so blessed to share my life, lovingly stroke Noahs fat pink cheeks in an effort to comfort him.I felt in my heart that something was seriously wrong with Noah. This was one of several nights Noah had been up, burning with a high fever. Tears filled my eyes as I watched my beautiful husband move Noahs little cheek up against his own chest, so that Noah could feel the vibrations of his voice. Noah is deaf. Learning to comfort him has brought on a whole new way of thinking for us. We relied on our voices, a soothing lullaby, audio toys, and music to comfort our other children. But with Noah, we need to use touch, his soft blankie, sight, the feel of our voices, and most importantly, the use of sign language to communicate emotions and a sense of comfort to him. My husband made the sign for I love you with his hand and I saw a t ear roll down his cheek as he placed Noahs tiny, weak hand on top of his.We had taken Noah to the doctor more times than I can remember. It had been a week and a half and Noahs fever remained very high and very dangerous, despite everything the doctor or we had tried. I knew in my soul the way only a mother can know, that Noah was in trouble.I gently touched my husbands shoulder and we looked into each others eyes with the same fear and knowledge that Noahs wasnt getting any better. I offered to take over for him, but he shook his head, and once again, I was amazed at this wonderful man who is the father of my children. When many fathers would have gladly handed over the parenting duties for some much needed sleep, my husband stayed stubbornly and resolutely with our child.When morning finally came, we called the doctor and were told to bring him in again. We already knew that he would probably put Noah in the hospital. So, we made arrangements for the other children, packed bags fo r all three of us, and tearfully drove to the doctors office once again. Our hearts filled with dread, we waited in a small room, different from the usual examining room we had become used to. Our doctor finally came in, looked Noah over, and told us the news we expected. Noah had to be admitted to the hospital. Now.The drive to the hospital in a neighboring town seemed surreal. I couldnt focus on anything, couldnt think, couldnt stop crying. My husband reassured me that he felt in his heart that Noah would be okay. We admitted Noah and were taken to his room right away. It was a tortuous night, filled with horrible tests that made my sons tiny little voice echo through the halls as he screamed over and over.I felt as if I were shattering from the inside out. My husband never wavered in his faith. He comforted me and Noah, and everyone who called to check on Noah. He was a rock.When the first batch of tests were done, the nurse informed us that a spinal tap would be performed soon. Meningitis was suspected. Marty and I had prayer together with Noah. Our hands intertwined, we held our son and the love of my life lifted his voice to the Lord, telling him how grateful we were for this awesome little spirit with whom he had entrusted us. With tears streaming down his face, he humbly asked the Lord to heal our son. My heart filled with comfort and gratitude.A short time later, the resident doctor came in. He told us that Noahs first results were back, and that he had Influenza A. No spinal tap was needed! Noah would recover and soon be back to his zesty, tornado little self. And Noah was already standing up in the hospital crib, bouncing like he was on a trampoline. My husbands talk with the Lord was already being answered.Marty and I grinned at each other through our tears, and waited for Noah to be released from the hospital. Finally, in the middle of the night, our own doctor came in and told us that it was fine to take Noah home. We couldnt pack fast enough!A f ew days later, I was cooking dinner. Noah was healing, slowly but surely. I felt at peace and knew my husband was the greatest father I could ever want for my children. I peeked around the corner into the living room, and chuckled at the picture I saw. There was my husband, sitting in his daddy chair, Noah in his lap. They were reading a book, dad taking Noahs teeny hands to help him form the signs for the words in the book. They both looked up and caught me watching them, and my husband and I simultaneously signed I love you to each other, then to Noah. And then Noah put his little arm up, trying to shape his tiny hand in his own effort to sign I love you to his daddy. I watched with tears as my husband carefully helped him form his tiny fingers into the sign with his own gentle hands. Daddy hands.By Susan Fahncke

Forensic Science Research - Free Essay Example

Introduction Forensic science is a complex and critical part of solving todays legal affairs, from serious matters like manslaughter to the evaluation of parentage of a child, it has a place almost anywhere. Forensic science is important because it provides concrete, undeniable evidence. I will cover the history of forensic science and compare past techniques with modern techniques. Then I will outline the activity of forensic science throughout the government and how forensic data is analyzed in a lab. After that I will further explain the many subdivisions of forensic science and their specific roles. The History of forensic science Forensic has come very far over the past two hundred years. It has advanced from basic eyewitness account to the analysis of DNA. Two hundred years ago, criminal investigation was very primitive. If a crime was committed, detective would have to rely on confessions, eye witness accounts and the most obvious of clues. When investigating a crime scene two hundred years ago the evidence would have been contaminated and any obvious evidence may have been stolen or lost. Although todays methods are very advanced, forensic science has been around for thousands of years, fingerprinting being the earliest known form that was developed and used the the ancient chinese. Many years later in 1892, Sir Francis Galton established a system for identifying fingerprints. Soon after, others began to develop other methods of identification for fingerprints. In 1896, Sir Edward Henry developed a new way to analyze fingerprints by examining certain characteristic such as pattern, direction and flow. Careful examination and identification of bullets are first recorded in 1835 by Henry Goddard. Goddard used physical analysis to connect a bullet back to a murder weapon. A more exact method was used in the 1920s by Calvin Goddard who created a comparison microscope so match bullets to their shell casings. Gunshot residue detection was later developed in the 1970s with the help of electron microscopes. In the development of forensic chemistry, chemist James Marsh created a way to test for arsenic which was later used in a 1836 murder trial. A century later Karl Lan classified human blood groups and later earned a nobel prize for his work. The advancements that we made in a small amount of time is truly remarkable. From confessions to analyzing blood types, there seems to be an endless amount of knowledge to come. Criminal Investigation Crime scene investigators purpose is to collect and examine any evidence left at a crime scene. They look for things like body fluids, fingerprints, hairs and fibers, and other trace evidence. When collecting these, several different methods and materials are used to do so. Trace evidence includes things such as paint and gunshot residue, drugs, glass, and chemicals. Clothing is collected from the victim and anyone else who was present at or near the crime scene and the clothing is to be sealed in a paper bag and taken to a lab to be tested. If the crime was gun related then the clothing will be tested for gunshot residue. If any drugs or unknown powdered substances are found at the scene then it will be collected with a knife or blade, sealed in separate, sterile evidence containers or bags and sent to the lab for identification. Any hair found is sent to DNA testing lab and unknown substances and drugs go to a chemistry lab. In some cases body fluids are found at the crime scene. Bodily fluids can be saliva, semen, blood or vomit. If blood is found on the body of the victim or any cloth then that will be collected and sent into a lab for possible DNA analysis. There are many tools and materials involved in collecting body fluids from a crime scene. Some of them include scissors, tweezers, a scalpel, luminol, smear slides, UV lights, and sterile cloth. If any hairs or fibers are found at a crime scene then they will be collected using tweezers, combs or vacuums and sent into a lab for analysis. In the event of a rape case, if the victim is still alive then they will be taken to a hospital and examined for any fibers and hairs that could be evidence. Any fibers or hair found at the scene would be compared to fibers or hair of a suspect. DNA analysis can be used to eliminate suspects and to identify if the hair is from a human or an animal. Through DNA analysis a persons race can be identified from a single human hair. Fingerprints are also a large clue in a crime scene. A fingerprint can be left behind due to visible fluids like blood or ink, imprinted in something soft and malleable like a clay or wax, or can be from the natural oils that naturally accumulate on everyones fingers. Investigators might use brushes, chemicals, tape, a magnifying tool, or other materials to collect these prints for evidence. Prints can be left on paper, wood, plastic, cardboard, metal and other surfaces, both porous and nonporous. When a fingerprint is found on a nonporous surface a powder, often a black or a silver powder, is gently brushed over the print until it is visible, then lifted with tape and transferred to a fingerprint card and submitted to evidence. When a fingerprint is found on a porous surface, chemicals like silver nitrate or iodine are sprayed onto the print until visible. Footprints may be found at or around a crime scene. If a footprint or an impression from a shoe is found an investigator will make a casting material and make a cast from the print. Any dirt left on the cast when it is removed is not brushed off but rather sent into a lab for analysis. Tool marks from tools used at a crime scene may also be found. It may be an impression- a tool mark that is created without any back-and-forth movement- or it may be a striation- a tool mark with a series of parallel lines cause by a ba ck-and-forth movement. Attempting to match a tool to an impression is rather unreliable and it is more reliable to make a definite match with a striated mark. When an investigator finds any firearms at a crime scene, they need to follow a specific routine to preserve the evidence. Gloves are worn and the firearm is pick up by the barrel and placed into an evidence bag to be sent to a lab for testing. Forensic scientists can then examine any casings found and match them to a weapon or they can examine serial numbers found on the firearm. By using a laser trajectory kit, investigators can use any bullet holes in a victim or surface to determine the location and height that the bullet was fired from. If the bullet or casing is stuck in a wall or other material then a section of it will be removed instead of attempting to dig it out, which ruins the evidence. When documents are found such as letters, planners, calendars, books, journals, suicide notes, etc. they are collected and preserved. A lab may be required to reconstruct demolished evidence that may have been burned or torn apart. These documents are recorded and analyzed for handwriting samples, forgery, and what was used to print or write the document. Whenever any type of evidence is found at a crime scene, and investigator must photograph it, log it, recover and then tag the evidence. But how is all of this evidence discovered? When examining a body or corpse, investigators look for many things such as stains, wrinkling or bunching of clothing that could indicate dragging, defense wounds, bruises, cuts, any obvious missing items, direction of the flow of blood, insects, etc.. After moving the body, the other side of the corpse is examines in the same manner and then the bod temperature and the room temperature are taken to estimate the time of death. Fingerprints of the body will be taken and placed into evidence. Once the conditions of the body are documented, then the body is covered in a white cloth and transported to a morgue for an autopsy. To efficiently and carefully find and collect evidence, investigators use several different methods of examination of a crime scene. Investigators may use the inward spiral search method where they start from the perimeter of the crime scene and slowly work their way towards the center of the scene in a spiral pattern. Another method is the outward spiral where investigators might start from the center of a crime scene or from the location of a body and slowly and meticulously work their way to the edges of the crime scene in a spiral pattern. If there is a team of investigators, they may use the parallel, grid, or zone search methods. The parallel search method requires the team of criminal investigators to line up and walk in a straight line from one side of the crime scene to the other. The grid search is similar but requires the team to repeat the method from an adjacent side. In a zone search, investigators divide the room into different sections, then search each section thoroughly and then move onto the next section. References: Arenas, M., Pereira, F., Oliveria, M., Pinto, N., Lopez, A.M., Gomes, V., Carracedo, A. A. (2017) Forensic genetics and genomics: Much more than just a human affair. PLOS. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006960 Butler, J. M. (2015) The Future of Forensic DNA Analysis. The Royal Society. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0252 Marinetti, L. J., Ehlers, B. J. (2014) A Series of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Seizure Cases Involving Illicit Fentanyl Alone and in Combination with Heroin, Cocaine or Heroin and Cocaine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 38(8). doi.org/10.1093/jat/bku086 OBrian, E., Daeid, N. N., Black, S. (2015) Science in the court: pitfalls, challenges and solutions. The Royal Society. 10.1098/rstb.2015.0062 Pedersen, P. D. (2013) Forensic Medicineseen through the eyes of a social anthropologist. Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science. doi.org/10.2478/sjfs-2013-0004 Phillips, M. L. (2008) Crime Scene Genetics: Transforming Forensic Science Through Molecular Technologies. BioScience 58(6). doi.org/10.1641/B580604 Roewer, L. (2013) DNA Fingerprinting in Forensics: Past, Present, Future. Investigative Genetics. BMC. doi.org/10.1186/2041-2223-4-22 Sobrino, J. M. (2002) Identification of a criminal by DNA typing in a rape case in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-31802002000300004

Exploring Handshakes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 6032 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Personality Essay Did you like this example? Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Greg L. Stewart, Department of Management and Organizations, Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Electronic Mail may be sent to: [emailprotected] edu. A firm handshake is often identified as an aspect of nonverbal communication that has a critical influence on impressions formed during employment interviews. Indeed, a recent search of the Internet revealed nearly a million listings that detailed the importance of the handshake and gave advice about the proper way to shake hands during an interview. In spite of seemingly widespread acceptance of the important role the handshake plays in interview success, empirical research examining the handshake in employment interviews is lacking. Nonverbal cues other than the handshake, such as eye contact during discussions and smiling, have been shown to have a critical influence on interview assessments (DeGroot Motowidlo, 1999). Although not studied in the interview context, the ubiquitous prevalence of the handshake at both the beginning and the end of interviews suggests that nonverbal cues communicated through the shaking of hands may convey important information about job applicants. The handshake may specifically convey information about an individuals personality, as early research suggested a traitlike relationship between the handshake and personality (Chaplin, Phillips, Brown, Clanton, Stein, 2000; Vanderbilt, 1957). In short, good handshakes are believed to communicate sociability, friendliness, and dominance, whereas poor handshakes may communicate introversion, shyness, and neuroticism (Chaplin et al. , 2000). Yet, research has not explored relationships between the nonverbal act of shaking hands and employment interview evaluations. In this article, we empirically examine the role of the handshake in employment interviews. We first seek to determine whether quality of the handshake does indeed co rrespond with interviewer assessments. We then explore the nature of what is being conveyed through the handshake by examining relationships between the handshake and personality. We also assess the effect of potential gender differences in handshaking. Is Handshake Quality Related to Ratings in Employment Interviews? In the interview context, nonverbal behaviors are assumed to convey useful information (Gifford, Ng, Wilkinson, 1985; Schlenker, 1980). The category of nonverbal cues can be broadly defined as cues, other than the content of responses, or demographic differences like sex and race (Parsons Liden, 1984). Nonverbal behaviors commonly thought to be important during an interview include eye contact, smiling, posture, interpersonal distance, and body orientation (Forbes Jackson, 1980; Imada Hakel, 1977; Motowidlo Burnett, 1995; Young Beier, 1977). These behaviors are assumed to influence interviewer reactions, which in turn result in attributions of applicant cha racteristics such as communication ability, intelligence, and self-confidence (DeGroot Motowidlo, 1999; McGovern Tinsley, 1978). Given that a handshake typically occurs in the interview setting, it is surprising that researchers have not looked at the role this form of tactile nonverbal communication may play in the interview setting. The handshake is a nonverbal touch behavior that can convey an immediacy dimension in interviews (Imada Hakel, 1977). Immediacy is an interaction between two individuals that involves close physical proximity and/or perceptual availability (Mehrabian, 1972). It has been theorized that greater immediacy leads to attributions of greater liking (Imada Hakel, 1977; Mehrabian, 1967). Because the act of shaking hands requires physical contact, the handshake should influence immediacy evaluations. Physical touch is generally associated with warmth, closeness, caring, and intimacy (Edinger Patterson, 1983). Of course, awkward handshakes can also com municate negative information (Edinger Patterson, 1983; Schlenker, 1980). Desirable handshakes have been described as firm handshakes that include a strong and complete grip, vigorous shaking for a lasting duration, and eye contact while hands are clasped (Chaplin et al. , 2000). Given the high correspondence between other nonverbal cues and interview assessments, we predicted that handshakes demonstrating these desirable characteristics would communicate positive information about the ndividual being evaluated. * Hypothesis 1: Individuals with a firm handshake will receive more positive evaluations during employment interviews. What Does the Handshake Communicate? Because shaking hands is often the first behavioral act that occurs when people meet, information conveyed through the handshake is potentially critical. But what information does a handshake convey? What specific cues communicated through the handshake might enhance an interviewers evaluation? One possibility is that shaking hands during an interview creates an impression about candidate personality traits that in turn influences assessments of suitability for employment. To explore this effect, we examined existing research on the relationship between traits and the handshake. Greeting behavior, such as the handshake, has mainly been investigated in anthropological and ethnographic studies (Astrom Thorell, 1996; Schiffrin, 1974; Webster, 1984). Our search of the literature found only four empirical studies related to handshaking, and none of them was conducted in the interview context. Three studies were conducted in Sweden by Astrom and associates (Astrom, 1994; Astrom Thorell, 1996; Astrom, Thorell, Holmlund, dElia, 1993), who found moderate relationships between the handshake and personality characteristics such as social extraversion. However, the generalizability of these conclusions to an interview setting is limited, as participants included psychiatric patients, therapists, and c lergymen. Another study by Chaplin et al. (2000) in a noninterview setting found a firm handshake to be positively related to extraversion (r = . 19) and emotional expressiveness (r = . 6) but to be negatively related to shyness (r = ?. 29) and neuroticism (r = ?. 24). The findings across studies suggest that the handshake is particularly informative for assessment of two personality traits: extraversion and neuroticism (Chaplin et al. , 2000). Of the two personality traits identified as likely to be communicated through the handshake, extraversion, but not neuroticism, appears to correspond with interview assessments. Tay, Ang, and Van Dyne (2006) specifically found evidence of a relationship with interview success for extraversion (r = . 4) but not for neuroticism (r = . 06). Other studies (e. g. , Caldwell Burger, 1998; DeFruyt Mervielde, 1999) have similarly identified extraversion as the personality trait most strongly related to employment interview outcomes. Moreover, meta- analytic evidence suggests that interviewer assessments of extraversion are related to evaluations of work contribution (? = . 33; Huffcutt, Conway, Roth, Stone, 2001). Thus, cues related to extraversion appear to be particularly relevant for interpretation of personality information conveyed through shaking hands during employment interviews. In the interview setting, a firm handshake may convey that the applicant has a high level of extraversion and thus lead to a more positive evaluation. In short, a firm handshake signifies persuasive ability, sociability, and interpersonal skills (Astrom Thorell, 1996; Chaplin et al. , 2000), which are aspects of extraversion that are particularly related to success in social interactions (Costa McCrae, 1992; Tay et al. , 2006). We therefore hypothesized that the handshake represents a behavioral manifestation of an individuals extraversion. Hypothesis 2: Extraversion will correlate positively with handshake ratings. * Hypothesis 3: The h andshake is a behavioral mediator of the relationship between extraversion and hirability evaluations in employment interviews. Although extraversion is the only five factor model (FFM) trait previously linked both to the handshake and to interview outcomes, we sought additional insight concerning traits. We thus included the remaining FFM traits—neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience—as exploratory measures. Meta-analytic evidence also suggests that interviewers may use candidate appearance for spontaneous personality assessments at the beginning of the interview (Hosoda, Stone-Romero, Coats, 2003). To control for possible effects of the what is beautiful is good stereotype (Eagly, Ashmore, Makhijani, Longo, 1991), we obtained measures of candidate physical attractiveness and professional appearance. Prior research suggests that physically attractive candidates obtain more positive interviewer evaluations than do candidates who are less attractive (Forsythe, Drake, Cox, 1985; Motowidlo Burnett, 1995). Professional appearance, which includes appropriateness of hygiene, personal grooming, and dress (Kinicki Lockwood, 1985; Mack Rainey, 1990), is expected to have even larger effects during the interview, because candidates are assumed to have more control over their own cleanliness and dress and interviewers are influenced by expectations about customary social behavior or conduct during the interview (Posthuma, Morgeson, Campion, 2002). To better isolate the effect of shaking hands, we included both measures of candidate appearance as covariates. Does a Weaker Handshake Place Women at a Disadvantage in Employment Interviews? Considerable research has investigated how demographic characteristics, including gender, impact interview outcomes. Given equal qualifications, research suggests that women tend to be evaluated less positively than do men in ratings of their credentials on paper (Arvey, 1979; Barr Hitt, 1986; Hitt Barr, 1989; Parsons Liden, 1984). On the other hand, female applicants have been found to be judged more favorably than male applicants on some nonverbal interview behaviors, such as posture and eye contact (Parsons Liden, 1984). Nevertheless, many of these effects are modest and may largely reflect similarity between applicant and interviewer (Arvey Campion, 1982; Dipboye, 1982; Harris, 1989; Posthuma et al. , 2002; Schmitt, 1976). Goldberg and Cohen (2004) posited that, in relation to nonverbal cues, gender may impact recruiters assessments of applicants differently than do verbal cues. For example, research suggests that women are perceived as being more adept at conveying nonverbal communication than are men (Buck, Miller, Caul, 1974; Goldberg Cohen, 2004; Graham, Unruh, Jennings, 1991; LaFrance Mayo, 1979). In contrast, men are typically seen as being more rational in their presentation of ideas than are women (Burke, 1996). Goldberg and Co hen (2004) found that nonverbal skills were a stronger predictor than were verbal skills of overall interview assessments. However, they found only marginal support for expected gender differences. This finding highlights the need for research that clarifies gender differences associated with nonverbal communication. Potential gender differences are of particular concern when it comes to the handshake. Chaplin et al. 2000) found handshaking scores to be lower for women than for men. They suggested that this may be so because women have less experience in handshaking, as the practice has historically been more common between men than it has been between women or between women and men. Thus, a positive relationship between the handshake and interview outcomes might have a negative impact on women. If handshakes for women are evaluated as less desirable, the result might be lower interviewer assessments of suitability for hiring. This expected difference in handshaking resulted in our final hypothesis. Hypothesis 4: Handshakes from women will be rated less favorably than are handshakes from men, which will result in lower interviewer assessments for women. Method Participants and Procedures Participants in this study were 98 undergraduate students enrolled in an elective, one-credit career preparations class at a large midwestern university. Their mean age was 21 years (SD = 2. 7), and 69% were juniors and seniors. Of the participants, 50 were women and 90% were Caucasian. As part of the class, students participated in a mock interview. Participants were instructed to treat this experience just as they would a real interview (e. . , by dressing appropriately and researching the company prior to the interview). They were also informed that past participants had occasionally obtained real interviews, which led to actual jobs, as a result of favorable mock interviews. Informal conversations with participants and interviewers following the mock interviews indicated t hat the participants did take the opportunity seriously and put forth their best effort. Human resources professionals from local organizations volunteered their time to conduct the mock interviews, which typically lasted about 1 hr. A mock interview included a 30- to 45-min interview and 15–20 min of feedback provided to the participant. Interviewers were instructed to use the same interview format they presently followed with actual candidates and to focus on the job with the most frequent openings. Hence, the mock interview was based on actual selection practices and corresponded to an interview the candidates could expect to engage in during their own job search. Because some interviewers conducted more than one interview, we assessed potential bias from nonindependence of measures. Following the procedures of Kenny and Judd (1986), we conducted an analysis of variance, with interview ratings as the dependent variable and interviewer as the independent factor, and f ound no evidence of rater effects, F(26, 74) = 1. 26, ns. The obtaining of multiple ratings from interviewers thus appears not to have created problems associated with nonindependence of measures. Handshake firmness was assessed by five independent raters, who scored each participants handshake at different times during the mock interview process. The raters shook hands while greeting each participant, either before or after the mock interview, so both interviewees and interviewers were unaware that handshakes were being evaluated. None of the handshake evaluators served as an interviewer. Two raters greeted and shook hands when a participant arrived for the mock interview. Participants were then introduced to a third rater, who shook hands. After the mock interview, a fourth rater greeted participants, shook hands, and introduced them to the fifth rater, who shook hands. Within 5–10 s of shaking hands, raters excused themselves from participants and completed an evaluatio n form. To avoid priming interviewers to pay undue attention to the handshake, we did not ask them to provide explicit assessments of the handshake. Rater Training Following the procedures of Chaplin et al. (2000), we trained raters in handshake evaluation. On contact with an individuals hand, raters were instructed to close their hand around the participants hand but to wait for the participant to initiate the strength of the grip and the upward-and-downward shaking. Furthermore, the raters were instructed to release their grip only when the participant began to relax his or her grip or otherwise show signs of terminating the handshake. Raters practiced their handshaking technique on each other and on other individuals until they had mastered the evaluation concepts and technique. The training included information about the handshake dimensions. Definitions of the completeness of grip, strength, duration, vigor, and eye contact were provided. Extreme examples of each dimensio n were illustrated. Individuals were recruited to shake hands with the raters and were instructed to shake hands the same way with all five raters. The raters coded the practice handshakes on all dimensions. We discussed discrepancies in the ratings to create a common frame of reference among raters. Measures Handshake ratings The raters assessed the five handshake characteristics on 5-point rating scales (Chaplin et al. , 2000). Given that each students handshake was scored by five independent raters, we calculated estimates of interrater reliability for completeness of grip (1 = very incomplete to 5 = full; intraclass correlation [ICC(2)] = . 77), strength (1 = weak to 5 = strong; ICC = . 83), duration (1 = brief to 5 = long; ICC = . 73), vigor (1 = low to 5 = high; ICC = . 71), and eye contact while grasping hands (1 = none to 5 = direct; ICC = . 68). Given high intercorrelation among the handshake characteristics, we also created an overall handshake score represented by t he mean of the five items (ICC = . 85). Personality Participants completed the Personal Characteristics Inventory (Mount, Barrick, Wonderlic Consulting, 2002) in a classroom context not directly related to the mock interview. The inventory comprises 150 Likert-type items that measure conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Coefficient alpha estimates are . 89, . 90, . 91, . 90, and . 85, respectively. Hiring recommendation Interviewers completed a final hiring recommendation at the end of the interview. The evaluation consisted of five questions that are used to assess perceived applicant suitability (Cable Judge, 1997; Higgins Judge, 2004; Stevens Kristof, 1995). Questions were rated on a 5-point scale. Examples include This student appears to be very qualified (response options ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agree) and How satisfied do you think you would be if you were to hire this student for a full-time position? (response options ranged from strongly dissatisfied to very satisfied). Coefficient alpha for the hiring recommendation was . 90 in this sample. Candidate appearance Each candidate was videotaped while sitting for 5 s (with no audio). Four raters, independent from the interviewers and other raters in the study, evaluated applicant physical attractiveness and professional appearance. Physical attractiveness was assessed according to the single-item measure used by Cable and Judge (1997): Please rate the overall level of physical attractiveness of this candidate on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (very unattractive) to 5 (very attractive). Ratings of professional dress relied on a five-item scale adapted from Parsons and Liden (1984) and Kinicki and Lockwood (1985). Items include The applicant was appropriately dressed, with answers ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Coefficient alpha for the five-item professional dress scale was . 80. Interrater a greement was shown by ICC values of . 79 for physical attractiveness and . 89 for professional dress. Results Table 1 shows means, standard deviations, and intercorrelations among the variables. Hypothesis 1 predicted a relationship between a firm handshake and interview ratings and was supported (r = . 9, p . 05). All five handshake dimensions also related significantly to the interviewer evaluation (rs . 24–. 31), although none were significantly different from the effect found for the overall handshake. We thus include only the overall average rating for our tests of mediation. As expected, extraversion correlated positively with interviewer ratings (r = . 28, p . 05). Supporting Hypothesis 2, extraversion correlated positively with handshake quality (r = . 23, p . 05). The two covariates, physical appearance and professional dress, were not significantly correlated with the interviewers hiring recommendation (rs = ?. 1 and . 15, respectively) but were correlated with t he ratings of the handshake (r = . 19 and . 42, respectively). None of the other FFM traits were related to either the handshake or the interviewer evaluations. apl-93-5-1139-tbl1a. gifMeans, Standard Deviations, and Correlations In a result similar to those of previous studies, women received lower ratings for the overall handshake rating (M = 3. 47 for women vs. M = 3. 70 for men). As shown in Table 2, item-level analysis revealed that this effect was attributable to gender differences on handshake strength (M = 3. 11 vs. M = 3. 64) and grip (M = 3. 51 vs. M = 3. 9). apl-93-5-1139-tbl2a. gifVariable Means by Participant Gender We used path analysis (Bentler Wu, 1995) to test Hypotheses 3 and 4. We tested and compared three models. Model 1 includes both direct and indirect effects for extraversion and gender. Models 2 and 3 are nested within Model 1. To test whether part of the effect of extraversion and gender on interviewer ratings is mediated by the handshake, Model 2 eliminate s paths from these variables to the handshake by fixing these parameters to zero. Comparison of the fit of Model 2 to that obtained for Model 1 enabled us to test whether there were mediation effects. Model 3 removes the direct paths from extraversion and gender to interviewer ratings. Lack of difference in the fit of Models 1 and 3 would provide support for the more parsimonious complete mediation model (Model 3). Each model controlled for the effect of agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, physical attractiveness, and professional dress on interviewer ratings. Given an expected relationship between physical appearance and professional dress, we allowed the error terms for these variables to covary. Table 3 shows results for each model. To estimate model fit, we evaluated the chi-square statistic, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA; Browne Cudeck, 1993), goodness of fit index (GFI; Joreskog Sorbom, 1993), and comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler, 1990). Model 1, with both direct and indirect effects, exhibited good fit, ? 2(16, N = 98) = 24. 15, p = . 09, RMSEA = . 07, GFI = . 95, CFI = . 95. Fit for Model 2 was not as good, ? 2(18, N = 98) = 31. 68, p = . 02, RMSEA = . 09, GFI = . 94, CFI = . 91, and a chi-square difference test suggested that it was significantly worse, ? 2(2, N = 98) = 7. 15, p . 5, than was the fit for a model that included mediating effects (Model 1). This result shows that at least some of the effect of extraversion and gender on interviewer assessments was mediated by the handshake. Fit for Model 3 was marginal, ? 2(18, N = 98) = 31. 28, p = . 03, RMSEA = . 09, GFI = . 94, CFI = . 91, and the chi-square difference test suggested that fit for Model 3 was significantly worse than was fit for Model 1, 2(2) = 7. 13, p . 05. This result supports partial mediation, as the direct paths from gender and extraversion (included in Model 1) retain some explanatory power. pl-93-5-1139-t bl3a. gifFit Indices for Path Models Results for the best fitting model—Model 1—are shown in Figure 1. Extraversion had an indirect effect on interviewer ratings through its relationship with the handshake (? = . 19), as well as a direct effect (? = . 31). Hypothesis 3 was supported, as the handshake operated as a mediator of the relationship between extraversion and interviewer assessments. Hypothesis 4 was not supported. Women received lower ratings for the handshake (? = . 18) but somewhat higher interviewer ratings (? = ?. 14). Weaker handshakes for women did not translate into lower interviewer assessments. In fact, the negative indirect relationship for women through the handshake was compensated for by a positive but nonsignificant direct relationship with the interviewer assessment. This effect is labeled suppression by Cohen and Cohen (1983). Negative relationships with some personality traits for women created additional indirect paths that were negative. Taken together, these effects show that about one half of the positive effect for women on interviewer ratings was nullified by indirect and spurious effects through the handshake. pl-93-5-1139-fig1a. gifFigure 1. Path model with direct and indirect effects. Values are standardized coefficients. Personality and gender variables are allowed to intercorrelate. Error terms between ratings of professional dress and physical appearance are allowed to covary. *p . 05. None of the covariates exhibited a significant relationship with the interviewer assessment. However, the handshake influenced interviewer ratings even after we had controlled for ratings of physical attractiveness and professional dress, as well as for the remaining FFM personality traits. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study that empirically supports the commonly held assumption that the handshake matters in employment interviews. The high degree of interrater reliability associated with the handshake e valuation provides strong support for the notion that people present a consistent handshake when greeting others. Furthermore, as hypothesized, individuals who follow common prescriptions for shaking hands, such as having a firm grip and looking the other person in the eye, receive higher ratings of employment suitability from interviewers. As this is the first empirical study to have examined the handshake in employment interviews, a number of issues that still need clarification. One issue is the extent to which our findings generalize to other settings. Our data were collected in a mock interview setting, in which interviewers evaluated the suitability of candidates for a wide variety of jobs. Future studies should assess whether the same relationships exist in actual interviews, with real job offers on the line, and whether the effect is stronger for some jobs than for others. Most of the interviewers in our study chose to interview for jobs with at least moderate social d emands, and it may be that the handshake is not as strongly related to evaluations for jobs in which social interaction is not integral. We also chose to isolate the effect of the handshake by not sharing preinterview information, such as test scores and resumes. Such information has been linked to interview assessments (Macan Dipboye, 1990), and provision of additional details about interviewee characteristics and qualifications may result in interviewers being less influenced by nonverbal cues like the handshake. Future studies should thus explore whether or not the inclusion of preinterview information alters the relationship between the handshake and interview evaluations. Perhaps the most important question for future investigation is whether the handshake represents superficial bias or truly communicates important information about job candidates. A long-standing concern about employment interviews is the possibility that interviewers make quick first impressions and then seek information that verifies their early perceptions (Dougherty, Turban, Callender, 1994; Macan Dipboye, 1988). Is the relationship between the handshake and hiring recommendation evidence of quick judgmental bias for interviewers, or are interviewers actually obtaining valid information when they shake hands? In the present study, we sought to minimize judgmental bias by obtaining handshake ratings from a source other than the interviewers. The link between interviewer evaluation of the candidate and handshake ratings provided by other individuals increases our confidence that a quality handshake conveys something meaningful about the interviewee that is also reflected in the rating of employment suitability. Moreover, the link between handshake quality and personality is consistent with the notion of information relevant to job performance (i. e. , extraversion; Huffcutt et al. , 2001) being communicated through this nonverbal interaction. Nevertheless, additional resear ch should clarify the extent to which the handshake operates as either a biasing influence or an indicator of valid information. Of course, interviewee actions during the course of the interview will result in additional information that should be taken into account when the interviewer makes a hiring recommendation. This fact illustrates how noteworthy it is to find a consistent effect for the handshake even after 30 min of social interaction during the interview. One explanation for the relationship is the possibility that the handshake itself is recalled and factored into the final evaluation. Another explanation is that individuals with a firm handshake engage in other positive behaviors during the interview. Once again, the link between extraversion and interview ratings supports such an effect. More extraverted interviewees present a firmer handshake, and they likely engage in other positive behaviors that reflect their ability to perform work successfully. Indeed, Huffc utt et al. (2001) found interviewer assessments of extraversion to be an important predictor of job performance. It thus seems likely that interviewers subconsciously combine information obtained during the handshake with other information obtained during the interview to arrive at an evaluation of employment suitability that is a valuable predictor of future performance. Our findings also provide important insights concerning gender and the handshake. The suppression effect identified in our data illustrates that, even though women may be less adept at handshaking, they engage in other actions that overcome the effects of a weak handshake. Our dimensional results show that the negative effect for women is carried through strength and grip rather than through eye contact. This finding, coupled with other research demonstrating that women excel at coding and decoding other nonverbal cues (e. g. facial expression and posture; Graham et al. , 1991), suggests that women have other st rengths that can overcome the liability of a handshake that lacks a firm and complete grip. In terms of gender, our a priori prediction was simply that women would receive lower ratings for quality of handshake. We did not hypothesize that the influence of the handshake on evaluations provided at the end of the interview would differ for men and for women. Yet, post hoc exploratory analyses also suggest that women may benefit more from a firm handshake than do men. Specifically, we probed how gender interacts with the handshake by regressing interviewer ratings on handshake ratings, gender, and the interaction between gender and handshake. A possible trend we identified suggests that handshake firmness (a combined measure of strength and grip) interacts with gender. Although this relationship was below conventional standards for statistical significance (? R2 for interaction term = . 02, p = . 20), a plot of the results suggests a stronger relationship with a firm handshake for w omen than for men. Men and women with a weak handshake (one standard deviation below the mean) received almost identical ratings for employment suitability, but women with a firm handshake (one standard deviation above the mean) received substantially higher ratings than did men with a handshake of the same firmness. Thus, even though women on average present a weaker handshake, those women who do present a very firm handshake receive higher ratings than do men with an equally firm handshake. This effect was not found for the eye contact dimension or for the overall handshake rating. The combined findings that there is a potential interaction between firmness and gender and that the same dimensions of strength and grip are, on average, lower for women suggest that the value of a firm handshake may be greater for women than for men. The fact that an interviewer is less likely to receive a firm handshake from a woman than a man makes handshake firmness more salient to the interv iewer when he or she evaluates women and thereby increases the potential benefit of a strong and complete grip for women. The results of this study therefore provide three specific contributions toward an understanding of the handshake in employment interviews. First, we provide the first empirical link between the handshake and interviewer assessments. Second, we show that a firm handshake partially mediates the effect of extraversion, which implies that the handshake is more than a biasing factor and can indeed communicate meaningful information about job applicants. Third, we demonstrate that women overcome the effects of weaker handshakes, such that on average they do not receive lower interview performance ratings from interviewers, and that women may actually benefit more than do men if they present a strong and complete grip when they shake hands. From a practical perspective, our findings suggest that the effect of the handshake in employment interviews should not be i gnored. Interviewers can obtain important information about interviewee traits through the nonverbal cue of the handshake. Indeed, given that Huffcutt et al. 2001) found a stronger correlation with job performance for a rating of extraversion from interviewers (? = . 33) than is typical for a correlation with self-report measures (? = . 15; Barrick, Mount, Judge, 2001), obtaining trait evaluations through behavioral indicators such as the handshake may be a valuable approach that can increase the validity of selection decisions. Of course, the likelihood of accurate assessment of traits through behavioral acts such as the handshake is likely to attenuate if job applicants receive training to provide firmer handshakes. When it comes to handshake training, a practical implication of the results is that women, as compared with men, have a greater chance of improving their interview evaluations by learning to shake hands with a firm and complete grip. In the end, our findings add to a long-running historical analysis of the handshake. The handshake is thought to have originated in medieval Europe as a way for kings and knights to show that they did not intend to harm each other and possessed no concealed weapons (Hall Hall, 1983). The results presented in this study show that this age-old social custom has an important place in modern business interactions. Although the handshake may appear to be a business formality, it can indeed communicate critical information and influence interviewer assessments. References Arvey, R. (1979). Unfair discrimination in the employment interview: Legal and psychological aspects. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 736–765. Arvey, R. D. , Campion, J. E. (1982). The employment interview: A summary review of recent research. Personnel Psychology, 35, 281–322. Astrom, J. (1994). Introductory greeting behavior: A laboratory investigation of approaching and closing salutation phases. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 863à ¢â‚¬â€œ897. Astrom, J. , Thorell, L. (1996). Greeting behavior and psychogenic need: Interviews on experiences of therapists, clergymen, and car salesmen. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 939–956. Astrom, J. , Thorell, L. Holmlund, U. , dElia, G. (1993). Handshaking, personality, and psychopathology in psychiatric patients, a reliability and correlational study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 1171–1186. Barr, S. H. , Hitt, M. A. (1986). A comparison of selection decision models in manager versus student samples. Personnel Psychology, 39(3), 599. Barrick, M. R. , Mount, M. K. , Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1–2), 9–30. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. Bentler, P. M. , Wu, J. C. (1995). EQS for Windows users guide. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software. Browne, M. W. , Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen J. S. Long (Eds. ), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Buck, R. , Miller, R. E. , Caul, W. F. (1974). Sex, personality and physiological variables in the communication of emotion via facial expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 391–396. Burke, P. (1996). Gender shock: Exploding the myths of male and female. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday. Cable, D. M. , Judge, T. A. (1997). Interviewers perceptions of person–organization fit and organizational selection decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 897–908. Caldwell, D. F. , Burger, J. M. (1998). Personality characteristics of job applicants and success in screening interviews. Personnel Psychology, 51(1), 119–136. Chaplin, W. F. , Phillips, J. B. , Brown, J. D. , Clanton, N. R. , Stein, J. L. (2 000). Handshaking, gender, personality and first impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 110–117. Cohen, J. , Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed. ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Costa, P. T. , Jr. , McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI–R) and NEO Five-Factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. DeFruyt, F. , Mervielde, I. 1999). RIASEC types and Big Five traits as predictors of employment status and nature of employment. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 701–727. DeGroot, T. , Motowidlo, S. J. (1999). Why visual and vocal interview cues can affect interviewers judgments and predict performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 986–993. Dipboye, R. L. (1982). Self-fulfilling prophecies in the selection–recruitment interview. Academy of Management Review, 7, 579–586. Dougherty, T. W. , Turban, D. B. , Callender, J. C. (1994). Confirming first impressions in the employment interview: A field study of interviewer behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 659–665. Eagly, A. H. , Ashmore, R. D. , Makhijani, M. G. , Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but†¦: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109–128. Edinger, J. A. , Patterson, M. L. (1983). Nonverbal involvement and social control. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 30–56. Forbes, R. J. , Jackson, P. R. (1980). Nonverbal behavior and the outcome of selection interviews. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 65–72. Forsythe, S. , Drake, M. F. , Cox, C. E. (1985). Influence of applicants dress on interviewers selection decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 374–378. Gifford, R. , Ng, C. F. , Wilkinson, M. (1985). Nonverbal cues in the employment interview: Links between appl icant qualities and interviewer judgments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 729–736. Goldberg, C. , Cohen, D. J. (2004). Gender differences in the impact of interviewing skills on applicant assessments. Group Organization Management, 29(3), 369–384. Graham, G. H. , Unruh, J. , Jennings, P. (1991). The impact of nonverbal communication in organizations: A survey of perceptions. Journal of Business Communication, 28, 45–62. Hall, P. M. , Hall, D. A. (1983). The handshake as interaction. Semiotica, 45, 249–264. Harris, M. M. (1989). Reconsidering the employment interview: A review of recent literature and suggestions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 42, 691–726. Higgins, C. A. , Judge, T. A. (2004). The effect of applicant influence tactics on recruiter perceptions of fit and hiring recommendations: A field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 622–632. Hitt, M. A. , Barr, S. H. (1989). Managerial selection decision mod els: Examination of configural cue processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 53–62. Hosoda, M. , Stone-Romero, E. F. , Coats, G. (2003). The effects of physical attractiveness on job-related outcomes: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Personnel Psychology, 56, 431–462. Huffcutt, A. I. , Conway, J. M. , Roth, P. L. , Stone, N. J. (2001). Identification and meta-analytic assessment of psychological constructs measured in employment interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 897–913. Imada, A. S. , Hakel, M. D. (1977). Influence of nonverbal communication and rater proximity on impressions and decisions in simulated employment interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 295–300. Joreskog, K. G. , Sorbom, D. (1993). LISREL 6: Analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood and least square methods. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software. Kenny, D. A. , Judd, C. M. (1986). Consequences of violating the independence assumption in analysis of variance. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 422–431. Kinicki, A. J. , Lockwood, C. J. (1985). The interview process: An examination of factors recruiters use in evaluating candidates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 26, 117–125. LaFrance, M. , Mayo, C. (1979). A review of nonverbal behaviors of women and men. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 43, 96–107. Macan, T. H. , Dipboye, R. L. (1988). The effects of interviewers initial impressions on information gathering. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 42(3), 364–387. Macan, T. H. , Dipboye, R. L. (1990). The relationship of interviewers preinterview impressions to selection and recruitment outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 43, 745–768. Mack, D. , Rainey, D. (1990). Female applicants grooming and personnel selection. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 399–407. McGovern, T. V. , Tinsley, H. (1978). Interviewer evaluations of int erviewee nonverbal behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 13(2), 163–171. Mehrabian, A. (1967). Orientation behaviors and nonverbal attitude communication. Journal of Communication, 17, 324–332. Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Chicago: Atherton. Motowidlo, S. J. , Burnett, J. R. (1995). Aural and visual sources of validity in structured employment interviews. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 61(3), 239–249. Mount, M. K. , Barrick, M. R. , Wonderlic Consulting. (2002). Personal Characteristics Inventory. Libertyville, IL: Wonderlic. Parsons, C. K. , Liden, R. C. (1984). Interviewer perceptions of applicant qualifications: A multivariate field study of demographic characteristics and nonverbal cues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 557–568. Posthuma, R. A. , Morgeson, F. P. , Campion, M. A. (2002). Beyond employment interview validity: A comprehensive narrative review of recent research and trends over time. P ersonnel Psychology, 55(1), 1–89. Schiffrin, D. (1974). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press. Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Schmitt, N. (1976). Social and situational determinants of interview decisions: Implications for the employment interview. Personnel Psychology, 29, 79–101. Stevens, C. K. , Kristof, A. L. (1995). Making the right impression: A field study of applicant impression management during job interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 587–606. Tay, C. , Ang, S. , Van Dyne, L. (2006). Personality, biographical characteristics, and job interview success: Longitudinal study of the mediating effects of interviewing self-efficacy and the moderating effects of internal locus of causality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 446–454. Vanderbilt, A. (1957). Amy Vanderbilts complete book of etiquette. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Webster, P. (1984). An ethnographic study of handshaking. Doctoral dissertation, Boston University, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 1108. Young, D. M. , Beier, E. G. (1977). The role of applicant nonverbal communication in the employment interview. Journal of Employment Counseling, 14, 154–165. Submitted: December 19, 2006 Revised: November 14, 2007 Accepted: February 12, 2008 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exploring Handshakes" essay for you Create order

The Legal Aspects Of Information Technology Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2279 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category IT Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Legal matters are an unavoidable aspect in our day to day life. Many are not aware that their actions have been derived by law at some point. To appreciate this fact it is essential to understand what laws are. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Legal Aspects Of Information Technology Law Essay" essay for you Create order Law can be defined as a system of rules and regulations that is set as a framework to guide and regulate behavior of people. It allows the society to function properly by securing justice and peace among the many individuals. One important feature of law is that everyone is identified as having equal rights. No one is above the law is the quote that supports this. Ignorantia legis neminem excusat is also a well heard Latin maxim which relates to law. It translates as Ignorance of the law is not a defense. This implies that a person that has committed an act of wrong cannot claim unawareness to avoid liability. It is therefore assumed that any individual taking part in what is outside the activities of a normal person is aware of what they are doing. The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has increased over the past several years mainly as a result of interconnection of environments. The government of Sri Lanka has actively promoted ICT usage in all the sector s of the economy. As a result the ICT literacy in the country has increased from 9% to 19% in four years. However this increase in usage also came with a price as the number of reporting of abuse and misuse also increased dramatically. For example in 2008, 49 incidents were reported to the Sri Lanka Computer Emergency Response Team (CIRT) but only four in 2007. Laws laid down related to ICT helps the Information Technology (IT) professionals to engage in their practice ethically as law abiding citizens [1]. Divisions of Law As civilization began to expand and human behavior became more complex the law system evolved with it. Different branches of law emerged to handle the different areas of human behavior. Most of the laws within a country can be classified with reference to what it hopes to achieve. However topics such as Public law, Private law, Civil law, Criminal law and Contract law etc. cannot be restricted to one area. Criminal and Civil are the two broad classifications of law. The following table depicts their features. Civil Law Criminal Law Deals with disputes between private parties. It is a deliberate or reckless act that causes harm to another person or property. Cases must be proven on a balance of probabilities if it is more likely than not that the defendant caused harm or loss. To convict someone of a crime, the prosecution must show there is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Remedies are most often monetary. They may include actual damages, as well as pain and suffering. Can including fines and jail time in order to maintain public order. Court Systems of Sri Lanka The Supreme Court The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court in the country. The court rulings have importance over all lower Courts. The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law [2]. The Court of Appeal This court hears appeals from lower courts. It is the second most senior court in the Sri Lankan legal system, with only the Supreme Court of the Sri Lanka above it. The Court of Appeal hears both criminal appeals in the Criminal Division and civil appeals in the Civil Division. The Criminal Division hears appeals from the Magistrates Courts, while the Civil Division hears appeals from the District courts and High Courts. Decisions may be additionally appealed to the Supreme Court [3]. High Courts High courts handle grave crimes. These courts can be found in the following cities in Sri Lanka Colombo, Kalutara, Galle, Matara, Batti caloa, Jaffna, Chilaw, Negombo, Gampaha, Kegalle, Kurunegala, Kandy, Awissawella, Ratnapura, Badulla and Anuradhapura [4]. District Courts District Courts are established for every judicial district in Sri Lanka. The court sittings are held in a place within the territory of the district. Civil matters and disputes that are less than Rs. 3 million in value are handled by these courts. Appeals against the rulings of these courts are passed to the court of appeal [5]. Supreme Court Court of Appeal Magistrate Court District Court High Court Figure 1: Court System of Sri Lanka Sources of Information Technology Law Legislation Legislation is the formal rules enforced by a body that has constitutional rights to do so. In Sri Lanka the only body having this coherent power is the parliament. Its legislation takes the form of Acts and Ordinances passed by parliament. Thus the parliament is called as the law making authority and it is the main source of law that can be identified. Since the field of IT is growing and its importance is increasing, the Sri Lankan parliament has given special priority to form laws related to this field in order to protect the people. There are several Acts which the Sri Lanka parliament has passed in order to control matters related to IT. Judicial Precedents Judicial Precedents was introduced to Sri Lanka during the British period. This implies that the judges of superior courts such as the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal can create new laws. If a dispute arises relating to a field that is not covered by existing law the decisions of the higher court w ill be binding on the lower courts for future cases. Since crimes relating to IT are evolving in various new forms, there can be gaps in existing laws where a guilty party is able to escape liability. Therefore Judicial Precedents play an active role regarding the laws related to this field. Equity Equity has the meaning Maintaining Justice. Equity helps to eliminate the gaps in the legal system by giving non monitory compensations. Equity has also been responsible for the development of the law of the trusts. So it is necessary to consider about Equity when it comes to IT law since fines and damages are not the only method of compensating the injured party. Religion and Customs Due to the presence of various religions in the country, it is necessary to create laws considering the differences among them. According to their religion peoples mind sets and their behaviors are different. A crime in one religion may not be a crime in a different religion. Certain features set customs to be apart and classified as law. English Law European Union Law Other Sources Legislation Equity The Customary common Law Court of Justice So it is necessary to consider these areas to create new IT laws, since Sri Lanka is a multi-religious and multi-cultural country. Figure 2: Sources of English Law European Union Law Directives Treaties Regulations Decisions Recommendations The European Court of Justice Figure 3: Sources of European Union Law Misuse of Information Technology Cyber Crimes A cybercrime is any criminal dealing done by computers or networks. This type of crime has increased significantly with the introduction of shopping websites that require sensitive information to be passed across the web. The following are related examples [6]. Theft of information contained in electronic form Involves the theft of data that is stored in hard disk or removable storage devices. Email bombing Sending a large number of e-mails to the user which causes the victims mail account or serve to crash. Data diddling The attack focuses on changing the raw data before processing and changing the data back soon after it has been processed. Denial of service attack This involves making the computer handle a large number of requests at a single time which results in a crash and also a denial of service to the authorized users. Hacking offences This will affect reliability, accessibility, and privacy of a computer system or network. These can don e by using viruses, worms etc. Other than this unauthorized obtaining or viewing of information from a computer or storing medium, selling, introducing or issuing any device or computer access code or password, providing access information to a unauthorized personnel or in breach of a contract are also computer crimes. Intellectual Property Intellectual Property rights are introduced to protect the interests of creators by giving them property rights over their creations [7]. Intellectual property refers to creations of human mind. There are two basic categories. They are industrial property and copyright. Industrial property includes inventions, trademarks, industrial designs, and geographical indications of source. Copyright includes artistic creations, and is specially related to our subject as it includes technology based work such as computer programs and multimedia productions. Some extra examples are blueprint of architecture, music and song lyrics, plays and screenp lays, audiovisual recordings such as movies and sound recordings. Printing a web page or its HTML code related to the site and downloading an image to hard disk are ways to violates copyright law when using web sites. Computer programs are also protected under the copyright law. Software piracy is a main concern especially in the Asian part of the world. Several Acts have been passed to minimize this issue. Ex: Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)-United States copyright law Contracts Online A contract is formed when the following features have been fulfilled. An on line contract also falls into this category [8]. Offer A supplier might not want to make his products available to all. Therefore we must determine to whom the offer is being made to. For example an online wine merchant doesnt want to sell alcohol to anyone under eighteen or to person in Saudi Arabia where alcohol is illegal. Acceptance The acceptance of an offer creates a contract .An offer is acc epted when a clear confirmation received. This includes any clear signal to accept the offer conversed to the person making the offer. By clicking I Accept on a web site or sending an e-mail is also a legal form of acceptance. Consideration An exchange of promises creates sufficient consideration for a contract to be formed. For example a customer clicking I Accept and providing credit card information, this will be become consideration for a promise that the advertised goods will be supplied. However there are variations. Allowing downloading freeware or shareware from a web site free of charge is an example. Intention to create legal relations Evidence to be legally bound by a contract is not a necessity. The duty of proving that there wasnt an intantion is on the party who declares that no legal outcome was intended. Regulating the use of Information Technology Since the increase in IT usage has expanded over the resent years IT law has been introduced as a method to govern the process of handling information digitally. The legal protection extends to different areas that relate to computer software, access and usage control etc. It is important to handle these crimes to protect all the users because nowadays it is hard to find out somebody who is not using computers or Internet in their day to day life. The following are methods that have been devised to archive this. Local and Foreign Acts For ICT to contribute to the growth of the economy, users must have a guarantee on the safety and dependability of these technologies. Acts enacted by the parliament helps achieve this objective. These Acts govern the prosecution of computer-related crimes. These are now widely used in many countries including our country. Some mostly used Acts are listed below. Foreign Acts Foreign Acts Copyright Act Computer Information Technology Council of Sri Lanka Act No 10 of 1984 The Communications Decency Act of 1996 Electronic Transactions Act No.19 of 2006 The National Stolen Property Act Computer Crime Act No.24 of 2007 Mail and wire fraud statutes Payment Devices Frauds Act No.30 of 2006 The Electronic Communications Privacy Act Electronic Transaction Act No.19 of 2006 The Child Pornography Prevention Act Information Communication Technology Act-No.27 of 2003 The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 Intellectual property Act 36 of 2003 Dispute Resolution Dispute resolution is used to describe the ways an industrial dispute, whether or not it has resulted in industrial action, may be settled [8]. There are many services available for dispute resolution. Creative Dispute Resolution is one of them that provide mediation, arbitration and other alternative dispute resolution (ADR) services. This has designed to help resolve conflicts of individuals, attorneys and companies etc. ADR s. main advantage is that it provides services to individuals and organizations to resolve their conflicts out of court. It provides administrative services to contact with mediators and arbitrators. Some areas distribute Resolution services addresses are employment, intellectual property, and technology. Many countries have implemented dispute resolution policies for Internet domain names. Ex: ir Domain name dispute resolution policy for. Conclusion IT is a fast moving industry all around the world. Each day new technology is being added and the previous versions evolve beyond recognition. The legal system must be able to sustain this rapid development. Interconnections through networks cut across geographical boundaries and have defined a new set of boundaries that is known as cyberspace. This environment needs laws and legal institutions of its own as territory based legal systems are not sufficient. Throughout the increase in complexity of IT, the legal operations that have been enforced for its protection has not been sufficient. It is an issue that is being faced all around the world and Sri Lanka is also one of its many victims. Although the government has taken many measures such as to enforce major set of Acts such as Computer Crimes Act, information and Communication technology act etc. it has still not been enough to match the flow of development in the field of IT.

History of Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism  is an area of  physics  which involves the study of the  electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between  electrically charged  particles. The electromagnetic force usually produces  electromagnetic fields, such as  electric fields,  magnetic fields  and  light. The electromagnetic force is one of the four  fundamental interactions  (commonly called forces) in  nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the  strong interaction, the  weak interaction  and  gravitation. Until 1820, the only magnetism known was that of iron magnets and of lodestones, natural magnets of iron-rich ore. It was believed that the inside of the Earth was magnetized in the same fashion, and scientists were greatly puzzled when they found that the direction of the compass needle at any place slowly shifted, decade by decade, suggesting a slow variation of the Earths magnetic field. Edmond Halleys Theories How can an iron magnet produce such changes? Edmond Halley  (of comet fame) ingeniously proposed that the Earth contained a number of spherical shells, one inside the other, each magnetized differently, each slowly rotating in relation to the others. Hans Christian Oersted: Electromagnetism Experiments Hans Christian Oersted was a professor of science at Copenhagen University. In 1820 he arranged in his home a science demonstration to friends and students. He planned to demonstrate the heating of a wire by an electric current, and also to carry out demonstrations of magnetism, for which he provided a compass needle mounted on a wooden stand. While performing his electric demonstration, Oersted noted to his surprise that every time the electric current was switched on, the compass needle moved. He kept quiet and finished the demonstrations, but in the months that followed worked hard trying to make sense out of the new phenomenon. However, Oersted could not explain why. The needle was neither attracted to the wire nor repelled from it. Instead, it tended to stand at right angles. In the end, he published his findings without any explanation. Andre Marie Ampere and Electromagnetism Andre Marie Ampere in France felt that if a current in a wire exerted a magnetic force on a compass needle, two such wires also should interact magnetically. In a series of ingenious experiments, Andre Marie Ampere showed that this interaction was simple and fundamental: parallel (straight) currents attract, anti-parallel currents repel. The force between two long straight parallel currents was inversely proportional to the distance between them and proportional to the intensity of the current flowing in each. There thus existed two kinds of forces associated with electricity—electric and magnetic. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated a subtle connection between the two types of force, unexpectedly involving the velocity of light. From this connection sprang the idea that light was an electric phenomenon, the discovery of radio waves, the theory of relativity and a great deal of present-day physics.

Society Moral in Tithe by Holly Black Essay - 574 Words

In the world where both fairies and humans live together as one, but still not knowing one another exist, both society follow the same moral. Tithe a modern faire tale by Holly Black suggest that no matter who you are you should have loyalty in friendship though the faithfulness between the characters , trust and scarifies that have been made for each other. Loyalty in friendship is shown through the faithfulness of the characters. Robien, a faire had stayed faithful to Kaye after the day he met her. When the Unseelie court faire had come back and wanted Robien back he said, I am home, lady. Now tell your men to put down his weapon and I will allow you to leave Unseelie court unharmed. (Black 325) Robien was very actuated to the†¦show more content†¦Also, fairies do not trust anyone with their names but while Kaye is helping Roiben at a stage of death, he told Kaye his name. Kaye thought to herself, Faires didnt give their names easily even apart of their names, although she had no idea why. (Black 27) Robien knew she could control him if she found out his full name but still decided to trust her, because of her noble deed. In friendship trust is the most important part of loyalty. Moreover, the scarifies one makes for their friends also show the loyalty in the friendship. As Kaye saved Roiben from dying, sacrificing her own life shows the kind of friendship they have. While laying on the ground under a tree Roiben says, I am in your debt. I mislike not knowing how I must repay it. (Black 42) He is thankful to Kaye from saving her and now believes he has to give her life to her. This sacrifice shows how loyal friends would do anything for one another. Along with that Roiben ends up saving Kaye from begin sacrificed for the Tithe. When he saves Kaye, she says, Roiben had known all along what he was offering her his life, (227) During the sacrifice when the Unseelie court Queen began the ceremony he whispered to Kaye What is your but they use it more than you, telling Kaye she had to command him with his full name. Here he scarified himself to her even if it meant to